Energy is the largest operational expense for terrestrial data centers, often accounting for 40% to 60% of annual costs. Hyperscale facilities can spend $5 to 10 million per year on electricity alone.

AI data centers may pay $6B in tariffs in 2025, adding costs to servers and infrastructure. How tariffs shape U.S. AI competitiveness is becoming a key industry question.

Google Research has unveiled Titans, a neural architecture using test-time training to actively memorize data, achieving effective recall at 2 million tokens.